Kecerdasan Buatan dan Transformasi Pekerjaan: Ancaman atau Peluang bagi Tenaga Kerja di Era Ekonomi Digital?
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Perkembangan Artificial Intelligence (AI) telah mengubah struktur pekerjaan dan pola pengelolaan tenaga kerja dalam ekonomi digital. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dampak AI terhadap tenaga kerja dengan menelaah ancaman otomatisasi, kesenjangan kompetensi, dan peluang peningkatan produktivitas melalui kolaborasi manusia dan teknologi. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif melalui tinjauan literatur terstruktur dengan memanfaatkan artikel ilmiah dan laporan resmi lembaga internasional. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan perspektif perubahan teknologi berbasis tugas (task-based technological change) dan teori modal manusia (human capital theory). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa paparan AI tidak secara otomatis menyebabkan hilangnya pekerjaan karena dampaknya bergantung pada karakteristik tugas, strategi adopsi teknologi perusahaan, dan kesiapan kompetensi tenaga kerja. Ancaman utama mencakup pengurangan kebutuhan tenaga kerja pada tugas tertentu, kesenjangan keterampilan, risiko degradasi kompetensi, dan perubahan kualitas pekerjaan. Sebaliknya, AI membuka peluang peningkatan produktivitas, inovasi bisnis, serta pengembangan kompetensi dan pekerjaan baru. Data ketenagakerjaan Indonesia yang dianalisis belum membuktikan hubungan kausal antara penggunaan AI dan peningkatan pengangguran secara agregat. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa realisasi manfaat AI bergantung pada strategi organisasi dalam mengintegrasikan teknologi dengan kemampuan manusia, termasuk melalui peningkatan keterampilan (upskilling), pengembangan keterampilan baru (reskilling), dan penguatan literasi AI.
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