Dual-Core ESP32 and FreeRTOS-Based RGB LED Control System with Multi-Platform Synchronization
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Abstract
Smart lighting systems generally depend on internet connectivity, so their functionality becomes limited when network access is unavailable. This study aims to design and implement a smart lighting control system based on a dual-core ESP32 microcontroller that integrates several control platforms, namely a React.js web dashboard, a Telegram Bot, and a mechanical switch for local control. The system uses Firebase Realtime Database as a cloud-based synchronization service and is equipped with an adaptive brightness feature that uses an LDR sensor to automatically adjust LED brightness according to ambient lighting conditions. To improve task management, FreeRTOS is used to separate network communication and LED rendering processes on different processor cores. The system was evaluated through functional, latency, and data conflict handling tests. The results show that all system functions operated according to the designed state machine, with an operational success rate of 100% (18/18 scenarios). Latency testing yielded average response times of 645 ms for short-press local control, 1202 ms for long-press local control, 1844 ms for the web dashboard, 2018 ms for the Telegram Bot, and 334 ms for LDR sensor telemetry updates. The system remains operable locally when the internet connection is lost and maintains data consistency through synchronization once the connection is restored. The main contribution of this study is to show that task pinning with FreeRTOS on a dual-core ESP32 architecture can prevent blocking and maintain system responsiveness while simultaneously handling network communication and LED animation rendering. The proposed architecture offers novelty in the form of real-time multi-platform synchronization that remains reliable through local control support and re-synchronization after an internet disconnection.
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